Normal and pathological gait: what we learn from Parkinson's disease
Identifieur interne : 000E67 ( Main/Corpus ); précédent : 000E66; suivant : 000E68Normal and pathological gait: what we learn from Parkinson's disease
Auteurs : David Grabli ; Carine Karachi ; Marie-Laure Welter ; Brian Lau ; Etienne C. Hirsch ; Marie Vidailhet ; Chantal FrançoisSource :
- Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry [ 0022-3050 ] ; 2012-10.
Abstract
Gait and balance disorders represent a major therapeutic challenge in Parkinson's disease (PD). These symptoms respond poorly to dopaminergic treatments, except in the early phase of the disease. Currently, no other treatment is particularly efficient and rehabilitation appears to be the most effective approach. Since these gait and balance deficits are resistant to dopaminergic drugs, their occurrence could be related to the development of extradopaminergic lesions in PD patients. We provide a comprehensive description of the clinical features of gait and balance disorders in PD. We also highlight the brain networks involved in gait and balance control in animals and humans with a particular focus on the relevant structures in the context of PD, such as the mesencephalic locomotor region. We also review other neuronal systems that may be involved in the physiopathology of gait and balance disorders in PD (noradrenergic and serotoninergic systems, cerebellum and cortex). In addition, we review recent evidence regarding functional neurosurgery for gait disorders in PD and propose new directions for future therapeutic research.
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DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2012-302263
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Hirsch</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, CR-ICM, UMR-S975, Paris, France</mods:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><mods:affiliation>INSERM, U975, Paris, France</mods:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><mods:affiliation>CNRS, UMR 7225, Paris, France</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Vidailhet, Marie" sort="Vidailhet, Marie" uniqKey="Vidailhet M" first="Marie" last="Vidailhet">Marie Vidailhet</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, CR-ICM, UMR-S975, Paris, France</mods:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><mods:affiliation>INSERM, U975, Paris, France</mods:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><mods:affiliation>CNRS, UMR 7225, Paris, France</mods:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Groupe Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France</mods:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><mods:affiliation>E-mail: chantal.francois@upmc.fr</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Francois, Chantal" sort="Francois, Chantal" uniqKey="Francois C" first="Chantal" last="François">Chantal François</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, CR-ICM, UMR-S975, Paris, France</mods:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><mods:affiliation>INSERM, U975, Paris, France</mods:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><mods:affiliation>CNRS, UMR 7225, Paris, France</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author></analytic><monogr></monogr><series><title level="j">Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry</title><title level="j" type="abbrev">J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry</title><idno type="ISSN">0022-3050</idno><idno type="eISSN">1468-330X</idno><imprint><publisher>BMJ Publishing Group Ltd</publisher><date type="published" when="2012-10">2012-10</date><biblScope unit="volume">83</biblScope><biblScope unit="issue">10</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" from="979">979</biblScope></imprint><idno type="ISSN">0022-3050</idno></series><idno type="istex">F827190647E440EB4E0ADB5C70266CD5CFC192C9</idno><idno type="DOI">10.1136/jnnp-2012-302263</idno><idno type="href">jnnp-83-979.pdf</idno><idno type="ArticleID">jnnp-2012-302263</idno><idno type="PMID">22752693</idno><idno type="Related-article-Href">10.1136/jnnp-2012-302461</idno><idno type="related-article-ID">RA1</idno><idno type="local">jnnp;83/10/979</idno></biblStruct></sourceDesc><seriesStmt><idno type="ISSN">0022-3050</idno></seriesStmt></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass><langUsage><language ident="en">en</language></langUsage></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract">Gait and balance disorders represent a major therapeutic challenge in Parkinson's disease (PD). These symptoms respond poorly to dopaminergic treatments, except in the early phase of the disease. Currently, no other treatment is particularly efficient and rehabilitation appears to be the most effective approach. Since these gait and balance deficits are resistant to dopaminergic drugs, their occurrence could be related to the development of extradopaminergic lesions in PD patients. We provide a comprehensive description of the clinical features of gait and balance disorders in PD. We also highlight the brain networks involved in gait and balance control in animals and humans with a particular focus on the relevant structures in the context of PD, such as the mesencephalic locomotor region. We also review other neuronal systems that may be involved in the physiopathology of gait and balance disorders in PD (noradrenergic and serotoninergic systems, cerebellum and cortex). In addition, we review recent evidence regarding functional neurosurgery for gait disorders in PD and propose new directions for future therapeutic research.</div></front></TEI><istex><corpusName>bmj</corpusName><author><json:item><name>David Grabli</name><affiliations><json:string>Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, CR-ICM, UMR-S975, Paris, France</json:string><json:string>INSERM, U975, Paris, France</json:string><json:string>CNRS, UMR 7225, Paris, France</json:string><json:string>Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Groupe Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Carine Karachi</name><affiliations><json:string>Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, CR-ICM, UMR-S975, Paris, France</json:string><json:string>INSERM, U975, Paris, France</json:string><json:string>CNRS, UMR 7225, Paris, France</json:string><json:string>Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Groupe Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France</json:string><json:string>CENIR, ICM, Paris, France</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Marie-Laure Welter</name><affiliations><json:string>Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, CR-ICM, UMR-S975, Paris, France</json:string><json:string>INSERM, U975, Paris, France</json:string><json:string>CNRS, UMR 7225, Paris, France</json:string><json:string>Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Groupe Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Brian Lau</name><affiliations><json:string>Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, CR-ICM, UMR-S975, Paris, France</json:string><json:string>INSERM, U975, Paris, France</json:string><json:string>CNRS, UMR 7225, Paris, France</json:string><json:string>Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, USA</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Etienne C Hirsch</name><affiliations><json:string>Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, CR-ICM, UMR-S975, Paris, France</json:string><json:string>INSERM, U975, Paris, France</json:string><json:string>CNRS, UMR 7225, Paris, France</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Marie Vidailhet</name><affiliations><json:string>Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, CR-ICM, UMR-S975, Paris, France</json:string><json:string>INSERM, U975, Paris, France</json:string><json:string>CNRS, UMR 7225, Paris, France</json:string><json:string>Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Groupe Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France</json:string><json:string>E-mail: chantal.francois@upmc.fr</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Chantal François</name><affiliations><json:string>Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, CR-ICM, UMR-S975, Paris, France</json:string><json:string>INSERM, U975, Paris, France</json:string><json:string>CNRS, UMR 7225, Paris, France</json:string></affiliations></json:item></author><subject><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>Movement disorders</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>Parkinson's disease</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>gait disorders</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>pedunculopontine nucleus</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>acetylcholine</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>animal models</value></json:item></subject><language><json:string>eng</json:string></language><abstract>Gait and balance disorders represent a major therapeutic challenge in Parkinson's disease (PD). These symptoms respond poorly to dopaminergic treatments, except in the early phase of the disease. Currently, no other treatment is particularly efficient and rehabilitation appears to be the most effective approach. Since these gait and balance deficits are resistant to dopaminergic drugs, their occurrence could be related to the development of extradopaminergic lesions in PD patients. We provide a comprehensive description of the clinical features of gait and balance disorders in PD. We also highlight the brain networks involved in gait and balance control in animals and humans with a particular focus on the relevant structures in the context of PD, such as the mesencephalic locomotor region. We also review other neuronal systems that may be involved in the physiopathology of gait and balance disorders in PD (noradrenergic and serotoninergic systems, cerebellum and cortex). In addition, we review recent evidence regarding functional neurosurgery for gait disorders in PD and propose new directions for future therapeutic research.</abstract><qualityIndicators><score>7.528</score><pdfVersion>1.4</pdfVersion><pdfPageSize>595.276 x 793.701 pts</pdfPageSize><refBibsNative>true</refBibsNative><keywordCount>6</keywordCount><abstractCharCount>1143</abstractCharCount><pdfWordCount>6336</pdfWordCount><pdfCharCount>41876</pdfCharCount><pdfPageCount>7</pdfPageCount><abstractWordCount>169</abstractWordCount></qualityIndicators><title>Normal and pathological gait: what we learn from Parkinson's disease</title><pmid><json:string>22752693</json:string></pmid><genre><json:string>review-article</json:string></genre><host><volume>83</volume><pages><first>979</first></pages><issn><json:string>0022-3050</json:string></issn><issue>10</issue><genre></genre><language><json:string>unknown</json:string></language><eissn><json:string>1468-330X</json:string></eissn><title>Journal of 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USA</affiliation></author><author><persName><forename type="first">Etienne C</forename><surname>Hirsch</surname></persName><affiliation>Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, CR-ICM, UMR-S975, Paris, France</affiliation><affiliation>INSERM, U975, Paris, France</affiliation><affiliation>CNRS, UMR 7225, Paris, France</affiliation></author><author corresp="yes"><persName><forename type="first">Marie</forename><surname>Vidailhet</surname></persName><email>chantal.francois@upmc.fr</email><affiliation>Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, CR-ICM, UMR-S975, Paris, France</affiliation><affiliation>INSERM, U975, Paris, France</affiliation><affiliation>CNRS, UMR 7225, Paris, France</affiliation><affiliation>Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Groupe Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France</affiliation></author><author><persName><forename type="first">Chantal</forename><surname>François</surname></persName><affiliation>Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, CR-ICM, UMR-S975, Paris, 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These symptoms respond poorly to dopaminergic treatments, except in the early phase of the disease. Currently, no other treatment is particularly efficient and rehabilitation appears to be the most effective approach. Since these gait and balance deficits are resistant to dopaminergic drugs, their occurrence could be related to the development of extradopaminergic lesions in PD patients. We provide a comprehensive description of the clinical features of gait and balance disorders in PD. We also highlight the brain networks involved in gait and balance control in animals and humans with a particular focus on the relevant structures in the context of PD, such as the mesencephalic locomotor region. We also review other neuronal systems that may be involved in the physiopathology of gait and balance disorders in PD (noradrenergic and serotoninergic systems, cerebellum and cortex). In addition, we review recent evidence regarding functional neurosurgery for gait disorders in PD and propose new directions for future therapeutic research.</p></abstract><textClass><keywords scheme="keyword"><list><head>Keywords</head><item><term>Parkinson's disease</term></item><item><term>gait disorders</term></item><item><term>pedunculopontine nucleus</term></item><item><term>acetylcholine</term></item><item><term>animal models</term></item></list></keywords></textClass></profileDesc><revisionDesc><change when="2012-06-29">Created</change><change when="2012-10">Published</change></revisionDesc></teiHeader></istex:fulltextTEI><json:item><original>false</original><mimetype>text/plain</mimetype><extension>txt</extension><uri>https://api.istex.fr/document/F827190647E440EB4E0ADB5C70266CD5CFC192C9/fulltext/txt</uri></json:item></fulltext><metadata><istex:metadataXml wicri:clean="corpus bmj" wicri:toSee="no header"><istex:xmlDeclaration>version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" 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pub-id-type="doi">10.1136/jnnp-2012-302263</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="other">jnnp;83/10/979</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="other">jnnp;jnnp-2012-302263</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">22752693</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="other">979</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="other">jnnp-2012-302263</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Movement disorders</subject></subj-group><series-title>Review</series-title></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Normal and pathological gait: what we learn from Parkinson's disease</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Grabli</surname><given-names>David</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">4</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Karachi</surname><given-names>Carine</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">4</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">5</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Welter</surname><given-names>Marie-Laure</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">4</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Lau</surname><given-names>Brian</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">6</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Hirsch</surname><given-names>Etienne C</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name><surname>Vidailhet</surname><given-names>Marie</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">4</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>François</surname><given-names>Chantal</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="aff1"><label>1</label>Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, CR-ICM, UMR-S975, Paris, France</aff><aff id="aff2"><label>2</label>INSERM, U975, Paris, France</aff><aff id="aff3"><label>3</label>CNRS, UMR 7225, Paris, France</aff><aff id="aff4"><label>4</label>Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Groupe Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France</aff><aff id="aff5"><label>5</label>CENIR, ICM, Paris, France</aff><aff id="aff6"><label>6</label>Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, USA</aff><author-notes><corresp><label>Correspondence to</label> Dr Chantal François, CRICM, UMRS 975, Inserm, UPMC, Hôpital de la Salpetrière, 47 Bd de l'Hôpital, 75013, Paris, France; <email>chantal.francois@upmc.fr</email></corresp><fn fn-type="other"><label>Linked article</label><p><related-article id="RA1" related-article-type="companion" ext-link-type="doi" xlink:href="10.1136/jnnp-2012-302461">302461</related-article></p></fn></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="epub-original"><day>29</day><month>6</month><year>2012</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="ppub"><month>10</month><year>2012</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>29</day><month>6</month><year>2012</year></pub-date><volume>83</volume><volume-id pub-id-type="other">83</volume-id><volume-id pub-id-type="other">83</volume-id><issue>10</issue><issue-id pub-id-type="other">jnnp;83/10</issue-id><issue-id pub-id-type="other">10</issue-id><issue-id pub-id-type="other">83/10</issue-id><fpage>979</fpage><history><date date-type="received"><day>11</day><month>1</month><year>2012</year></date><date date-type="rev-recd"><day>16</day><month>4</month><year>2012</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>16</day><month>5</month><year>2012</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>© 2012, Published by the BMJ Publishing Group Limited. For permission to use (where not already granted under a licence) please go to http://group.bmj.com/group/rights-licensing/permissions.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2012</copyright-year></permissions><self-uri content-type="pdf" xlink:role="full-text" xlink:href="jnnp-83-979.pdf"></self-uri><abstract><p>Gait and balance disorders represent a major therapeutic challenge in Parkinson's disease (PD). These symptoms respond poorly to dopaminergic treatments, except in the early phase of the disease. Currently, no other treatment is particularly efficient and rehabilitation appears to be the most effective approach. Since these gait and balance deficits are resistant to dopaminergic drugs, their occurrence could be related to the development of extradopaminergic lesions in PD patients. We provide a comprehensive description of the clinical features of gait and balance disorders in PD. We also highlight the brain networks involved in gait and balance control in animals and humans with a particular focus on the relevant structures in the context of PD, such as the mesencephalic locomotor region. We also review other neuronal systems that may be involved in the physiopathology of gait and balance disorders in PD (noradrenergic and serotoninergic systems, cerebellum and cortex). In addition, we review recent evidence regarding functional neurosurgery for gait disorders in PD and propose new directions for future therapeutic research.</p></abstract><kwd-group><kwd>Parkinson's disease</kwd><kwd>gait disorders</kwd><kwd>pedunculopontine nucleus</kwd><kwd>acetylcholine</kwd><kwd>animal models</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front></article></istex:document></istex:metadataXml><mods version="3.6"><titleInfo><partName>Review</partName><title>Normal and pathological gait: what we learn from Parkinson's disease</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="alternative" contentType="CDATA"><partName>Review</partName><title>Normal and pathological gait: what we learn from Parkinson's disease</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">David</namePart><namePart type="family">Grabli</namePart><affiliation>Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, CR-ICM, UMR-S975, Paris, France</affiliation><affiliation>INSERM, U975, Paris, France</affiliation><affiliation>CNRS, UMR 7225, Paris, France</affiliation><affiliation>Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Groupe Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Carine</namePart><namePart type="family">Karachi</namePart><affiliation>Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, CR-ICM, UMR-S975, Paris, France</affiliation><affiliation>INSERM, U975, Paris, France</affiliation><affiliation>CNRS, UMR 7225, Paris, France</affiliation><affiliation>Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Groupe Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France</affiliation><affiliation>CENIR, ICM, Paris, France</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Marie-Laure</namePart><namePart type="family">Welter</namePart><affiliation>Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, CR-ICM, UMR-S975, Paris, France</affiliation><affiliation>INSERM, U975, Paris, France</affiliation><affiliation>CNRS, UMR 7225, Paris, France</affiliation><affiliation>Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Groupe Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Brian</namePart><namePart type="family">Lau</namePart><affiliation>Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, CR-ICM, UMR-S975, Paris, France</affiliation><affiliation>INSERM, U975, Paris, France</affiliation><affiliation>CNRS, UMR 7225, Paris, France</affiliation><affiliation>Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, USA</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Etienne C</namePart><namePart type="family">Hirsch</namePart><affiliation>Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, CR-ICM, UMR-S975, Paris, France</affiliation><affiliation>INSERM, U975, Paris, France</affiliation><affiliation>CNRS, UMR 7225, Paris, France</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal" displayLabel="corresp"><namePart type="given">Marie</namePart><namePart type="family">Vidailhet</namePart><affiliation>Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, CR-ICM, UMR-S975, Paris, France</affiliation><affiliation>INSERM, U975, Paris, France</affiliation><affiliation>CNRS, UMR 7225, Paris, France</affiliation><affiliation>Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Groupe Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France</affiliation><affiliation>E-mail: chantal.francois@upmc.fr</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Chantal</namePart><namePart type="family">François</namePart><affiliation>Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, CR-ICM, UMR-S975, Paris, France</affiliation><affiliation>INSERM, U975, Paris, France</affiliation><affiliation>CNRS, UMR 7225, Paris, France</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><typeOfResource>text</typeOfResource><genre type="review-article" displayLabel="review-article"></genre><originInfo><publisher>BMJ Publishing Group Ltd</publisher><dateIssued encoding="w3cdtf">2012-10</dateIssued><dateCreated encoding="w3cdtf">2012-06-29</dateCreated><copyrightDate encoding="w3cdtf">2012</copyrightDate></originInfo><language><languageTerm type="code" authority="iso639-2b">eng</languageTerm><languageTerm type="code" authority="rfc3066">en</languageTerm></language><physicalDescription><internetMediaType>text/html</internetMediaType></physicalDescription><abstract>Gait and balance disorders represent a major therapeutic challenge in Parkinson's disease (PD). These symptoms respond poorly to dopaminergic treatments, except in the early phase of the disease. Currently, no other treatment is particularly efficient and rehabilitation appears to be the most effective approach. Since these gait and balance deficits are resistant to dopaminergic drugs, their occurrence could be related to the development of extradopaminergic lesions in PD patients. We provide a comprehensive description of the clinical features of gait and balance disorders in PD. We also highlight the brain networks involved in gait and balance control in animals and humans with a particular focus on the relevant structures in the context of PD, such as the mesencephalic locomotor region. We also review other neuronal systems that may be involved in the physiopathology of gait and balance disorders in PD (noradrenergic and serotoninergic systems, cerebellum and cortex). In addition, we review recent evidence regarding functional neurosurgery for gait disorders in PD and propose new directions for future therapeutic research.</abstract><note type="footnotes">302461</note><subject><genre>Keywords</genre><topic>Parkinson's disease</topic><topic>gait disorders</topic><topic>pedunculopontine nucleus</topic><topic>acetylcholine</topic><topic>animal models</topic></subject><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="abbreviated"><title>J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry</title></titleInfo><genre type="Journal">journal</genre><identifier type="ISSN">0022-3050</identifier><identifier type="eISSN">1468-330X</identifier><identifier type="PublisherID">jnnp</identifier><identifier type="PublisherID-hwp">jnnp</identifier><identifier type="PublisherID-nlm-ta">J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry</identifier><part><date>2012</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>83</number></detail><detail type="issue"><caption>no.</caption><number>10</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>979</start></extent></part></relatedItem><identifier type="istex">F827190647E440EB4E0ADB5C70266CD5CFC192C9</identifier><identifier type="DOI">10.1136/jnnp-2012-302263</identifier><identifier type="href">jnnp-83-979.pdf</identifier><identifier type="ArticleID">jnnp-2012-302263</identifier><identifier type="PMID">22752693</identifier><identifier type="Related-article-Href">10.1136/jnnp-2012-302461</identifier><identifier type="related-article-ID">RA1</identifier><identifier type="local">jnnp;83/10/979</identifier><accessCondition type="use and reproduction" contentType="copyright">© 2012, Published by the BMJ Publishing Group Limited. 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